6 新型コロナウイルスの検出方法, どうやってウイルスを検出するのか?
1. Fluorescence PCR method
The PCR method refers to the polymerase chain reaction, 微量の DNA を大幅に増加させることができます. 新型コロナウイルスの検出に使用する場合, 新型コロナウイルスはRNAウイルスだから, it is necessary to reverse transcribe the viral RNA into DNA before performing PCR detection.
The principle of fluorescent PCR detection is that as the PCR proceeds, the reaction products continue to accumulate, and the fluorescence signal intensity also increases in proportion. ついに, the change in the amount of product is monitored by the change in fluorescence intensity, thereby obtaining a fluorescence amplification curve.
This is currently the most commonly used method for nucleic acid detection of the new coronavirus. しかし, the following factors may cause errors in the test results:
Improper storage or failure to submit for testing: RNA viruses are easily degraded. したがって, after obtaining patient samples, they need to be stored in a standardized manner and tested as soon as possible. さもないと, the test result may be inaccurate.
The interpretation of the results is wrong: The currently approved testing products are selected based on the open reading frame 1a/b, envelope protein and nucleocapsid protein in the genome of the novel coronavirus. しかし, the detection primers and probe designs of different products are different, and there are differences in the detection and interpretation of single-target segments, dual-target segments, and three-target segments. したがって, if the interpretation is not strictly carried out in accordance with the different instructions, it may lead to wrong judgment of the result.
2. Combined probe anchoring polymerization sequencing method
This kind of detection is mainly to use a special instrument to detect the gene sequence carried by the DNA nanospheres on the sequencing slide.
This kind of detection has high sensitivity and is not easy to miss the diagnosis, but the results are also easily affected by many factors, 含む:
Samples not tested in time: Like the fluorescent PCR method, the results may be inaccurate if they are not stored and tested as soon as possible.
The room temperature of the test site is too high: This will also affect the accuracy of the test results. Different testing instruments and kits may also affect the results.
3. Constant temperature amplification chip method
Gene chip detection is one of the traditional virological diagnostic methods. The detection principle is a detection method developed based on the complementary binding characteristics of nucleic acids, which can be used to qualitatively or quantitatively measure nucleic acids present in organisms. Compared with PCR, gene chip has higher accuracy rate and shorter time, but the price is more expensive, and the detection throughput (the amount of data that can be generated per unit time) is relatively lower.
The thermostat chip approved this time can detect six respiratory viruses including the new coronavirus. Results can be obtained within 1.5 時間,
Compared with PCR, gene chip has higher accuracy rate and shorter time, but the price is more expensive, and the detection throughput (the amount of data that can be generated per unit time) is relatively lower.
4. Virus antibody detection
Antibody detection reagents are used to detect the IgM or IgG antibodies produced by the human body after the virus enters the human body. IgM antibodies appear earlier and IgG antibodies appear later.
The five new coronavirus antibody detection reagents that have been approved use colloidal gold method and magnetic particle chemiluminescence method respectively.
5. Colloidal gold method
The colloidal gold method uses colloidal gold test paper for testing, which is the quick test paper often referred to at present.
This kind of test paper is specially marked and has holes on it for dripping the serum sample of the examinee. がある 2 lines on the colloidal gold test paper, one is called the test line and the other is called the quality control line. If both lines are colored, it means positive; only the quality control line is colored, which means negative; except for these two cases Invalid result.
This kind of inspection usually takes about 10 に 15 minutes to get the test result.
This detection method is very convenient, and the result is very fast. But the main disadvantage is that the detection throughput is low and there is a certain misjudgment rate (mainly affected by the quality of the antibody).
さらに, the new coronavirus antibody detected by the colloidal gold method is IgM antibody. The time of IgM production is later than the time of virus replication, so the detection time window is narrower than nucleic acid detection.
6. Magnetic particle chemiluminescence method
Chemiluminescence is a highly sensitive immunoassay, and all antigenic substances can be determined by this method.
The magnetic particle chemiluminescence method is based on the chemiluminescence detection, adding magnetic nanoparticles, so that the detection has higher sensitivity and faster detection speed.
しかし, the magnetic particle chemiluminescence method has poor selectivity and will respond to a series of compounds instead of a specific compound. したがって, the accuracy is relatively insufficient. さらに, the environment has a relatively large impact on the detection, which can easily lead to errors.
